Cancer-Related Dictionary

Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer that predominantly affects the cartilage cells. The disease often manifests in the bones of the upper arms, legs, pelvis, or the spine. The condition typically progresses slowly and carries a higher risk factor for adults and older individuals. Treatment commonly includes surgery or radiation therapy.

Chromosomal translocation is a genetic abnormality where a segment of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. This can disrupt gene function and lead to various medical conditions, including certain types of cancer.

Chromosome aberrations are changes in the normal structure or number of chromosomes, which can lead to genetic disorders or diseases. These changes can occur naturally or be induced by environmental factors, affecting how cells function or develop.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that initiates in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal, mature lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). It's identified by gradual progression, typically affecting older adults. Symptoms often include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and weight loss.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow and gradually invades the blood. It's characterized by the excessive growth of white blood cells. CML typically develops slowly, but can shift to a more aggressive phase, known as blast crisis, if untreated.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that have detached from a primary tumor and circulate in the bloodstream. These cells have the potential to spread cancer to other parts of the body through a process known as metastasis, making them a significant focus of cancer research and diagnosis.

Cisplatin is a platinum-containing chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers, including testicular, bladder, lung, and ovarian. It kills cancer cells by binding to and damaging their DNA, thereby inhibiting their growth and multiplication. Despite its side effects, Cisplatin has been a cornerstone in cancer therapy for decades.

Clinical endpoints are specific events or outcomes in a clinical study that are used to determine the effect of a treatment. They are measurable and objective, such as survival rates, symptom improvement, or the occurrence of a disease.

A clinical trial is a scientific research process involving volunteers that tests the efficacy and safety of new medical treatments, drugs, and prevention strategies. It's a part of biomedical research designed to add to the medical knowledge base. The trials are usually carried out in successive phases, each with different objectives and testing different variant of the treatment.

Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a malignant disease that starts in the cells of the colon or rectum. It typically begins as small, noncancerous cells (polyps) that may over time develop into cancer. Symptoms can include changes in bowel habits, blood in stool, and persistent abdominal discomfort. Early detection through screening can often lead to successful treatment.

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure that enables a doctor, usually a gastroenterologist, to examine the inner lining of the large intestine (colon and rectum). It involves inserting a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) into the rectum. This tube has a small video camera on the end, which sends images to a display monitor allowing for the detection of abnormalities or early signs of cancer.

Colorectal adenoma is a type of non-cancerous (benign) tumor that forms in the lining of the colon or rectum. These growths are considered precursors to colorectal cancer, meaning they have the potential to become cancerous over time if not removed.

Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the colon or rectum, parts of the large intestine in the digestive system. It typically starts as small, benign clumps of cells called polyps that can, over time, develop into cancers. Early detection through routine screenings can help prevent the progression of colorectal cancer.

A colostomy is a surgical procedure where a portion of the large intestine, or colon, is brought through the abdominal wall to create a stoma. It's done in response to various diseases or injuries to bypass a damaged part of the colon. The stoma serves as an alternative exit point for body waste, which is collected in an external pouch.

Combination therapy refers to the use of more than one medication or treatment approach to treat a disease or condition. This method is often used to enhance the effectiveness of treatment, reduce side effects, and prevent drug resistance.

Complete remission is a term used in medicine to describe the absence of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. While the disease is undetectable, it does not necessarily mean the cancer is cured, as it may still be present at a microscopic level.

A "Complete response" in a healthcare context typically refers to the total disappearance of all detectable signs and symptoms of disease, often as a result of treatment. It indicates a positive outcome where the individual shows no further evidence of the illness. However, it doesn't guarantee that the disease is permanently cured. It's an important effect reported in clinical trials and cancer treatment.

Computational oncology is a field of medicine that uses computer-based models and simulations to understand cancer development, progression, and treatment. It combines data from various sources, such as genetic information and medical imaging, to create personalized treatment plans and improve patient outcomes.

Computed tomography (CT) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize internal structures of the body in detail. It combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues. CT provides more detailed information than standard X-rays.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses sound waves and special contrast agents to create detailed images of the body's internal organs and blood flow. It enhances the clarity and detail of ultrasound images, helping doctors diagnose and monitor various conditions more effectively.

A core needle biopsy is a medical procedure where a needle is used to extract a small sample of tissue from an organ or mass in the body. The sample is examined under a microscope to diagnose diseases, like cancer. It is generally less invasive and causes less scarring than a surgical biopsy.

"Cribriform" is a term used in anatomy and histology, referring to a structure that appears perforated or sieve-like. The term is frequently used to describe a structural pattern characterized by numerous round, small openings - resembling a sieve. This term is often mentioned with the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone in the skull or in pathological processes like cribriform carcinoma.

"Cross-border healthcare" refers to a phenomenon wherein individuals seek medical care beyond their home country's borders. This often occurs due to cost differences, availability of advanced treatments, shorter waiting periods, or quality of care considerations. It incorporates elements of healthcare policy, patient rights, international laws, and healthcare quality standards. It's a key component of the global healthcare system.

Cryotherapy is a therapeutic technique involving the application of extreme cold to treat various medical conditions such as skin diseases, sports injuries, or to promote overall wellness. It is also utilized in surgical procedures to destroy abnormal tissues. Regular sessions of cryotherapy are believed to boost immunity and metabolism, improve skin health and reduce inflammation.

Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapy medication mainly used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer. It interferes with cell growth, preventing the rapid multiplication of cancerous cells. It can also be used in lower doses to suppress the immune system in autoimmune diseases.

A cyst is a sac-like pocket of membranous tissue that contains fluid, air, or other substances. They can form anywhere within the body as a result of various causes such as infections, genetical conditions, or blockages in ducts. Though most cysts are benign, they can sometimes lead to serious complications, and as such, medical advice should be sought when one is discovered.

Cystoscopy is a medical procedure that allows a doctor to examine the lining of the bladder and the tube that carries urine (urethra). It utilizes a hollow tube equipped with a lens (cystoscope), enabling the doctor to diagnose, monitor, and treat conditions affecting the urinary system. The procedure is typically conducted in a hospital or specialized clinic.

Cytogenetics is the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of cells, especially the chromosomes. It involves the examination of chromosomal abnormalities and their relation to disease, particularly genetic disorders and cancers.

Cytokines are small proteins released by cells that have a specific effect on the interactions, communication or behavior of cells. They are key players in health and disease, particularly in immune responses. Cytokines aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection, and trauma.

Cytology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of cells - their structures, functions, and behavior. It is crucial in understanding diseases at a cellular level, forming the foundation for medical practices such as cancer detection through the study of cell samples.

Cytotoxic granules are specialized structures found in certain immune cells, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These granules contain proteins that can destroy infected or cancerous cells, helping the immune system to protect the body from disease.

DNA, short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is a vital molecule found in all living organisms. It contains the unique genetic code that determines the traits of a living being. Structured in a double helix shape, DNA contains pairs of nucleotides, which form genes, the basic units of heredity.

Debulking is a medical procedure used primarily in the treatment of cancer. It refers to the surgical removal of as much of the malignant tumor as possible, to lessen the bulk or reduce the total number of cancer cells. The goal is to increase the effectiveness of subsequent therapies (e.g., radiation, chemotherapy) or to alleviate symptoms.

Density-gradient centrifugation is a laboratory technique used to separate particles, such as cells or molecules, based on their density. By spinning a sample in a centrifuge with a gradient of densities, different components settle at different levels, allowing for their isolation and analysis.

Dental oncology is a specialized field of dentistry that focuses on the oral health care of patients who have cancer. It involves the diagnosis, prevention, and management of oral complications related to cancer and its treatment.

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that typically occurs in the abdomen. It primarily affects adolescents and young adults and is characterized by small, round cancer cells surrounded by dense fibrous tissue.

Digital pathology is the practice of using digital imaging technology to analyze and interpret pathology slides. This method allows pathologists to view, share, and store high-resolution images of tissue samples, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and collaboration.

DNA fragmentation refers to the breaking or splitting of DNA strands into pieces. This can occur naturally or be induced artificially and is often used in research and clinical settings to study genetic material or assess sperm quality.

Ductal lavage is a medical procedure used to collect cells from the milk ducts of the breast. It involves flushing the ducts with a saline solution to obtain samples for analysis, primarily to assess the risk of breast cancer.

Ductal carcinoma refers to a common type of breast cancer that begins in the cells lining the milk ducts, which act as transport channels from the lobules, where milk is made, to the nipple. It can remain within the ducts as a non-invasive cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ) or it can spread beyond the ducts into the breast tissue (invasive ductal carcinoma).

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) refers to a type of early-stage breast cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of the breast milk duct, confined to the area where they started and haven't invaded surrounding tissues. Though non-invasive, it can progress to invasive cancer if untreated.

Dyskeratosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal development of keratin in the skin, leading to changes in skin texture and appearance. It can be associated with various skin disorders and may involve genetic factors.

"Dysplasia" refers to the abnormal growth or development of cells, tissues, or organs. It is often associated with an increased risk of cancer. It can occur anywhere in the body, such as in the cervix (cervical dysplasia) or hip (hip dysplasia). This condition doesn't necessarily mean you have cancer but it's significant in identifying pre-cancerous changes.

EU4H, or European Union for Health, refers to the collective health initiatives, policies, and regulations managed by the European Union. It encompasses a diverse range of topics, such as public health, health education, disease prevention, and healthcare services across European nations to foster better health outcomes for its inhabitants.

An echocardiogram is a non-invasive diagnostic test that uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the heart. It allows doctors to see the heart's size, shape, and motion, and evaluate its chambers, valves, and blood flow. This test aids in diagnosing heart diseases and determining treatment courses.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome is a condition where a tumor outside the pituitary gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leading to excessive cortisol production and symptoms of Cushing's syndrome.

Electrochemotherapy is a medical treatment that combines chemotherapy and electrical pulses to enhance the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs, primarily used for treating skin and subcutaneous tumors.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that originates in the connective tissue cells of the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. It is characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of these cells, which can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. It is the most common form of uterine cancer and is typically diagnosed in postmenopausal women. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment.

An endoscope is a medical instrument used for visual examination of internal body structures that are not visible to the naked eye. It comprises a flexible or rigid tube fitted with lens systems and a light source, allowing doctors to diagnose, monitor and surgically treat various conditions. It's regularly used to examine organs such as the stomach, colon, or lungs.