Try adjusting your type
14th October, 2009
European Survey on Standards of Care in paediatric oncology centres. J. R. Kowalczyk, M. Samardakiewicz, K. Pritchard-Jones, R. Ladenstein, S. Essiaf, E. Fitzgerald, G. Petrarulo, G. Vassal - EJC , Volume 61, pp 11-19
8th December, 2014
The purpose of this website is to provide good and clear information about the long-term effects of childhood cancer and to refer to the various late-effects outpatient clinics (LATER outpatient clinics) that exist in the Netherlands.
8th September, 2015
Cancer in young people is rare, but it is still a major health issue in Europe. Each year, more than 6,000 young people in Europe die of cancer. There are more than 300,000 European childhood cancer survivors (in 2020, they will be nearly half a million): two-thirds of them have some late side effects of treatment, that are severe and impact on the daily life of half of those affected.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow and gradually invades the blood. It’s characterized by the excessive growth of white blood cells. CML typically develops slowly, but can shift to a more aggressive phase, known as blast crisis, if untreated.
Leukemia is an encompassing term representing several subgroups of cancer that primarily affect the blood and bone marrow. Amongst these, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) stands out as a rather distinctive entity. It is a type of cancer that starts in certain blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. Unlike acute forms of leukemia that progress relatively fast, CML is a slowly progressing disease commonly observed in adults.
CML is distinct due to its relationship with a specific chromosomal abnormality in leukemic cells. It is a clonal bone marrow stem cell disorder characterized by a particular genetic mutation— the Philadelphia chromosome—resulting in an abnormal protein (BCR-ABL1) that leads to the production of too many disease-facilitating cells. CML spreads into the blood and can infiltrate other parts of the body, like the spleen, causing it to swell.
The prevalence of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia varies across the globe, but it accounts for around 10-15% of all leukemia cases. It has been found more frequently in males than females and has a higher rate amongst adults over 60 years.
The chief cause of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is a specific genetic mutation—the Philadelphia chromosome. This mutation is not inherited but occurs spontaneously. In an adult patient, some genetic rearrangement happens within bone marrow cells, leading to an exchange of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22. This results in an abnormally short chromosome 22 — the Philadelphia chromosome — which causes BCR-ABL1 protein production and triggers the overproduction of white blood cells, causing CML.
Environmental factors, such as being exposed to high levels of radiation, can possibly increase the risk of developing CML, though they are not direct causes.
Early indicators of CML are often subtle and easily overlooked. Some patients report fatigue, weight loss, pale complexion, frequent infections, or joint/bone pain. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes. At an advanced stage, patients may suffer from an enlarged spleen, leading to a feeling of fullness and discomfort in the left upper abdomen.
To diagnose CML, doctors usually turn to complete blood count tests, bone marrow tests, and cytogenetic testing for the Philadelphia chromosome. Other methods, like flow cytometry and immunophenotyping, may also be used to distinguish CML from other types of leukemia.
Treatment for CML has been revolutionized by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), medicines that target the BCR-ABL1 protein, slowing and even stopping the progression of the disease. Alongside this, stem cell transplants offer hope to some patients. Each case of CML is different, and current treatment approaches must be personalized accordingly.
Modern medical advancements have significantly improved the prognosis of CML. Survival rates have increased drastically in the past two decades, particularly due to the advent of TKIs. The estimated five-year survival rate is now around 70%.
Life post-treatment of CML can indeed regain some normalcy. With regular check-ups, people with CML can lead meaningful lives. It is crucial, however, for patients to stay in regular consultation with their healthcare providers and keep their treatment regimen.
Support systems play a major role in navigating the post-treatment phase. Emotional support from family, friends, patient support groups, and mental health professionals is as vital as medical support in dealing with CML.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, though a serious illness, can be managed effectively through personalized treatment regimens, regular monitoring, emotional support, and patient resilience. With continuous advancement in medical research, the prognosis continues to improve, offering patients hope for a better future.
The primary cause is a particular genetic mutation known as the Philadelphia chromosome.
No, CML is not a hereditary cancer. The genetic mutation causing it usually occurs spontaneously.
CML leads to an overproduction of white blood cells, which can crowd out healthy cells and infiltrate other parts of the body, leading to various symptoms.
Recent advancements in treatment have significantly improved the five-year survival rate for CML, which currently stands around 70%.
Yes, with regular monitoring and adherence to their treatment plan, patients can indeed regain a meaningful and productive life after treatment.
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