Try adjusting your type
14th October, 2009
European Survey on Standards of Care in paediatric oncology centres. J. R. Kowalczyk, M. Samardakiewicz, K. Pritchard-Jones, R. Ladenstein, S. Essiaf, E. Fitzgerald, G. Petrarulo, G. Vassal - EJC , Volume 61, pp 11-19
8th December, 2014
The purpose of this website is to provide good and clear information about the long-term effects of childhood cancer and to refer to the various late-effects outpatient clinics (LATER outpatient clinics) that exist in the Netherlands.
8th September, 2015
Cancer in young people is rare, but it is still a major health issue in Europe. Each year, more than 6,000 young people in Europe die of cancer. There are more than 300,000 European childhood cancer survivors (in 2020, they will be nearly half a million): two-thirds of them have some late side effects of treatment, that are severe and impact on the daily life of half of those affected.
Cancer vaccines are biological substances that are administered to stimulate or restore the immune system’s ability to fight against cancer. They come in two forms: preventive vaccines that protect against viruses known to cause cancer, for instance HPV vaccine, and treatment vaccines that help the immune system target and destroy cancer cells. Cancer vaccines can be of synthetic or natural origin, and work either individually or hand in hand with other treatment options.
The healthcare industry has progressed remarkably over the years. One of the most innovative advancements has been in the realm of cancer research, particularly, the development of cancer vaccines. This technology has opened new doors of potential in combatting this ravaging disease. In this article, we delve into what cancer vaccines are, how they work, and their future prospects.
For clarity’s sake, it is essential to define what cancer vaccines are. Broadly speaking, cancer vaccines are biological substances designed to enhance the immune system’s capacity to fight cancer. They can prevent or treat cancer, thereby playing a crucial role in medical science.
There are multiple types of cancer vaccines, which include but not limited to, preventive (prophylactic) vaccines and treatment (therapeutic) vaccines. The former aid in preventing cancer in healthy people, while the latter help treat existing cancer by strengthening the body’s natural defenses. Contrastingly, standard vaccines work by preventing infectious diseases, making them different from cancer vaccines.
Delving deeper into how cancer vaccines work, they operate by stimulating the immune system to attack and eradicate cancer cells. They work either by introducing antigens (substances that the immune system views as foreign) into the body, which provokes an immune response, or by enhancing the immune system’s response to antigens already present in the body.
It is important to differentiate between preventive and treatment-focused cancer vaccines. As aforementioned, preventive vaccines aim to prevent cancer from developing in the body, such as the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine, which prevents cervical cancer. On the other hand, treatment vaccines, such as Sipuleucel-T (used to treat prostate cancer), aim to eliminate existing cancer cells.
Several FDA-approved cancer vaccines are making strides in the medical field. These include HPV vaccines (Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix) and Hepatitis B vaccines (Engerix-B and Recombivax-HB), which are considered preventive vaccines. On the therapeutic front, Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) is a prominent example. Each vaccine plays a unique role and has proved effective to a certain extent in the fight against cancer.
Cancer vaccine research and development is a complex process. It involves several stages such as preclinical testing, clinical trials, and post-market surveillance. Each stage demands extreme precision, adherence to regulations, and time.
Clinical trials play an indispensable role in vaccine development, assessing the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of the vaccines. They are meticulously reviewed and regulated to ensure the protection of human participants.
There are several potential benefits of cancer vaccines. They work with the body’s natural defenses, target only cancer cells, and may reduce the chances of cancer recurrence. Further, preventive cancer vaccines can inhibit the onset of cancer altogether in some individuals.
However, like any medical intervention, cancer vaccines carry a degree of risk and possible side effects. These may range from mild symptoms like fever and fatigue, to severe, such as allergic reactions, inflammation, and autoimmune responses. Hence, it’s crucial to assess the risk-versus-benefit ratio before an individual receives the vaccine.
Research in the field of cancer vaccines is rapidly progressing. Scientists across the world continue to explore new ways to leverage this technology in treating cancer more effectively. The future of cancer vaccines appears promising, bringing hope to transform patient care and cancer treatment strategies for the better.
In conclusion, cancer vaccines present a significant breakthrough, providing a ray of hope for patients and researchers. Though the journey is challenging, with continuous efforts and advances in the medical field, the future holds many possibilities.
They are biological responses designed to stimulate the body’s immune system to prevent or fight cancer.
They go through a complex process that involves multiple stages, including preclinical testing, clinical trials, and post-market surveillance.
There are primarily preventive vaccines, which prevent cancer, and treatment vaccines, which aim to treat existing cancer.
The negatives range from mild side effects such as fever, fatigue, to severe effects like allergic reactions, inflammation, and autoimmune responses.
The future looks promising with several ongoing research initiatives exploring new ways to enhance the effectiveness of cancer vaccines.
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