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14th October, 2009
European Survey on Standards of Care in paediatric oncology centres. J. R. Kowalczyk, M. Samardakiewicz, K. Pritchard-Jones, R. Ladenstein, S. Essiaf, E. Fitzgerald, G. Petrarulo, G. Vassal - EJC , Volume 61, pp 11-19
8th December, 2014
The purpose of this website is to provide good and clear information about the long-term effects of childhood cancer and to refer to the various late-effects outpatient clinics (LATER outpatient clinics) that exist in the Netherlands.
8th September, 2015
Cancer in young people is rare, but it is still a major health issue in Europe. Each year, more than 6,000 young people in Europe die of cancer. There are more than 300,000 European childhood cancer survivors (in 2020, they will be nearly half a million): two-thirds of them have some late side effects of treatment, that are severe and impact on the daily life of half of those affected.
“Mammary” refers to the bodily system in mammals which produces milk for offspring. Most commonly, it is used to designate the mammary glands, which in females are the breasts. This system is crucial for nourishing newborns and plays a significant role in reproductive health. The word is often used in medical contexts related to lactation and breast health.
The human body consists of many intriguing and complex systems, of which the mammary glands form a very vital part, particularly for females. So, what exactly are mammary glands and why is it essential to understand them? Let’s delve into the fascinating world of these distinctive organs.
The term ‘mammary’ is not a frequently used word in everyday conversation, however, it plays a massive role in the field of anatomy and biology. Essentially, mammary pertains to the glands that produce milk in mammals – both female and male.
Understanding mammary glands is crucial, as they can often be the site of serious diseases such as breast cancer. This understanding improves our knowledge about potential signs and symptoms, helping us intervene at the right time when it comes to disease prevention and detection.
In medical terms, “mammary” pertains to the milk-producing glands present in all mammals including humans. These glands are modified sweat glands located in breasts where they produce and secrete milk, thus playing a vital role in nurturing newborns.
The term “mammary” derives from the Latin word “mamma”, which means “breast”. The mammary system consists primarily of glands (lobules), ducts and connective tissues, creating a system that is both highly intricate and extraordinarily essential for life.
The mammary glands are complex structures comprising lobules – sacs that produce milk – and ducts, the routes through which milk is transported to the nipple. Mammary glands also consist of connective tissue which provides support and blood vessels ensuring the flow of nutrients and hormones essential for function.
Mammary tissue mainly consists of adipose tissue or fat, glandular tissue – which makes milk, and supportive tissue. The glandular tissue further breaks down into 12-20 lobes that contain numerous small sacs, or lobules. These lobules are linked by ducts that lead to the nipple.
Mammary glands play a crucial role in mammals, providing vital nourishment for offspring in their early life. They produce milk rich in proteins, fats, vitamins, and antibodies necessary for the development and immunity of the newborn.
The primary purpose of mammary glands is lactation – the process of producing, storing and secreting milk to nourish newborn offspring. The hormones estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin play a crucial role in this milk production process.
Aside from hormonal control, milk production is also initiated by the suckling of the baby. Additionally, milk secretion is not a passive process but involves the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the milk-filled alveoli, forcing the milk out into the ducts and toward the nipple.
Additional functions include sexual and social roles. The size and shape of breasts impact self-perception and sexual attractiveness, while breastfeeding also creates a bonding experience between a mother and her child.
Mammary glands are susceptible to numerous disorders, ranging from benign conditions such as mastitis and fibroadenoma to more severe diseases like breast cancer.
Breast cancer, the primary lethal disease involving the mammary glands, ranks as the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women globally. Early symptoms include a lump in the breast, changes in shape or size, dimpling of the skin, nipple discharge, and more.
Prevention and early detection of breast cancer involve regular screening, healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, a balanced diet and limiting alcohol consumption. Women are also urged to perform self-examinations to detect any abnormal changes.
Recent advancements in biotechnology have allowed us to gain more complex insights into the functioning of human mammary glands. Genomics and proteomics have made it possible to delve into the gene and protein level understanding of these vital organs.
Research in mammary gland diseases is dynamic and continuously evolving. Recent breakthroughs include identification of novel genes contributing to increased breast cancer risk, development of targeted drug therapies and improvements in imaging techniques for better diagnostic accuracy.
From understanding the anatomy, function and common diseases of the mammary gland, we see that this organ plays a crucial role in reproductive health and nurturing offspring. In addition, it can often be the site of life-threatening diseases, further emphasizing the importance of understanding the mammary gland system.
Given the complexities of mammary glands and the diseases associated with them, ongoing research is vital. With every new breakthrough, we inch closer towards early detection, more efficient treatment and, potentially, a cure for life-threatening diseases like breast cancer.
‘Mammary’ in medical terms refers to the milk-producing glands that exist in all mammals, both female and male.
Yes, men can develop complications in their mammary glands, including diseases like breast cancer, although it is less common than in women.
Some common disorders include mastitis, fibroadenoma, and breast cancer.
Mammary glands produce and secrete milk, providing essential nutrients for the growth and development of newborns.
Early signs include a new lump in the breast or underarm, thickening or swelling of part of the breast, irritation or dimpling of breast skin, and nipple discharge other than breast milk.
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