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14th October, 2009
European Survey on Standards of Care in paediatric oncology centres. J. R. Kowalczyk, M. Samardakiewicz, K. Pritchard-Jones, R. Ladenstein, S. Essiaf, E. Fitzgerald, G. Petrarulo, G. Vassal - EJC , Volume 61, pp 11-19
8th December, 2014
The purpose of this website is to provide good and clear information about the long-term effects of childhood cancer and to refer to the various late-effects outpatient clinics (LATER outpatient clinics) that exist in the Netherlands.
8th September, 2015
Cancer in young people is rare, but it is still a major health issue in Europe. Each year, more than 6,000 young people in Europe die of cancer. There are more than 300,000 European childhood cancer survivors (in 2020, they will be nearly half a million): two-thirds of them have some late side effects of treatment, that are severe and impact on the daily life of half of those affected.
Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. It can be caused by several factors such as hyperparathyroidism, certain types of cancer, or excessive intake of vitamin D. Symptoms may include frequent urination, fatigue, nausea, or bone pain. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications, including kidney stones and cognitive issues.
For well-being and metabolic efficiency, it is essential to maintain a considerable balance of minerals in the body. An imbalance in anything, including calcium, can lead to health issues. One such condition is Hypercalcemia. A common but often misunderstood issue, Hypercalcemia, is significantly more severe than individuals typically perceive.
Hypercalcemia refers to a condition characterized by abnormal excess of calcium in the bloodstream. Although calcium is crucial for various bodily functions, such as nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction, and bone health, maintaining the right balance is vital.
The normal blood calcium level typically ranges between 8.5 and 10.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Any level above this range may be considered Hypercalcemia, an indication that the body isn’t effectively regulating calcium levels.
Primary hyperparathyroidism and certain types of cancer are the most common causes of Hypercalcemia. The parathyroid glands keep calcium levels in the normal range, hence overactivity of these glands contributes to high calcium levels. Cancer-related Hypercalcemia is primarily caused by the secretion of parathyroid-related proteins or when cancer spreads to the bones.
Other less common causes include prolonged immobilization, certain medications, dietary supplements, and diseases such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis.
The signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia vary depending on the severity of the condition. Many people experience no symptoms, while others may have cognitive and psychiatric symptoms such as memory loss, depression, or confusion. These symptoms occur due to the effects of high calcium levels on the brain function.
Kidney-related symptoms include frequent urination and excessive thirst due to the kidneys’ attempt to filter out excess calcium. Skeletal and muscular symptoms like bone pain and muscle weakness may occur as high calcium levels can lead to bone loss. In terms of digestion, hypercalcemia can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or constipation.
In a healthy body, kidneys play a crucial role in controlling the level of calcium. However, in cases of chronic kidney disease, the kidneys fail to balance calcium and phosphorus levels correctly. Excessive calcium in the blood leads to calcium deposits within the kidney, leading to kidney stones or kidney failure.
Hypercalcemia can be diagnosed through medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging tests. A complete medical history can reveal potential risk factors, while physical examination can help identify symptoms. Laboratory tests check blood and urine calcium levels, while imaging tests can pinpoint tumors or kidney stones.
Treatment depends on the cause, severity, and symptoms of Hypercalcemia. The primary goal is to lower the blood calcium levels, treat the underlying disease, and prevent complications. Medications include bisphosphonates to control bone loss, calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels, and diuretics that help kidneys remove calcium. Surgical treatment, usually parathyroidectomy, is considered in severe cases or if a benign tumor causes hyperparathyroidism. Adopting a low calcium diet and proper fluid intake can help in managing the condition as well.
Hypercalcemia, a prevalent condition, can lead to serious health complications if overlooked. Proper awareness, timely diagnosis, and management strategies carry immense importance in combatting the problem. Don’t hesitate to seek advice from healthcare professionals if you suspect you may be at risk.
FAQs
Cancer-related Hypercalcemia occurs when cancer cells produce a hormone similar to parathyroid hormone or when cancer metastasizes to the bone, causing calcium release into the bloodstream.
A diet high in dairy products or calcium-based foods can raise calcium levels in the blood. Also, certain medications or supplements can increase calcium absorption in the intestines causing Hypercalcemia.
Untreated Hypercalcemia can lead to kidney stones, renal failure, abnormal heart rhythm, and osteoporosis. Severe Hypercalcemia can also result in coma or even death.
While you cannot prevent Hypercalcemia caused by underlying diseases, you can avoid calcium-rich diet or supplements that might exacerbate high calcium levels in the blood.
Chronic Hypercalcemia can lead to kidney damage, cardiovascular problems, and bone disease, negatively impacting overall health and quality of life.
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