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14th October, 2009
European Survey on Standards of Care in paediatric oncology centres. J. R. Kowalczyk, M. Samardakiewicz, K. Pritchard-Jones, R. Ladenstein, S. Essiaf, E. Fitzgerald, G. Petrarulo, G. Vassal - EJC , Volume 61, pp 11-19
8th December, 2014
The purpose of this website is to provide good and clear information about the long-term effects of childhood cancer and to refer to the various late-effects outpatient clinics (LATER outpatient clinics) that exist in the Netherlands.
8th September, 2015
Cancer in young people is rare, but it is still a major health issue in Europe. Each year, more than 6,000 young people in Europe die of cancer. There are more than 300,000 European childhood cancer survivors (in 2020, they will be nearly half a million): two-thirds of them have some late side effects of treatment, that are severe and impact on the daily life of half of those affected.
HER2/neu is a gene that produces HER2 proteins, often associated with aggressive types of cancer, notably breast cancer. An overexpression of this gene can lead to rapid cell growth and division, contributing to tumor development. HER2-positive cancers are typically more advanced at diagnosis and require specific treatment approaches.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) is a gene that plays a key role in the development of various cells in the human body. Encoded by the ERBB2 gene, HER2/neu is a protein that can promote cell growth and division when functioning normally. However, when the HER2/neu gene is amplified or over-expressed, it can result in abnormal cell division and growth, leading to the development of cancer cells.
In healthcare, HER2/neu carries enormous significance. It is principally used in cancer diagnostics, particularly in breast and gastric cancers, as an important bio-marker to guide treatment and prognosis. Understanding the role of HER2/neu helps doctors tailor cancer treatments to an individual patient’s needs, thereby practicing personalized medicine.
HER2/neu is a receptor protein on the surface of cells, which usually aids in normal cell function such as growth and repair. Over-expression of the HER2/neu protein pushes the cells to divide and multiply uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors.
Under normal, healthy conditions, HER2/neu helps regulate the growth and division of cells in response to changes in the body’s environment. The protein transduces growth signals from outside the cell to the inside, encouraging cell proliferation and survival. However, when multiplied or overexpressed, HER2/neu can lead to cancerous growth and metastasis.
The discovery of HER2/neu traces back to the early 1980s with the groundbreaking work of Dr. Robert Weinberg’s lab. Upon investigating viral oncogenes in rats, they discovered a new gene, neu, with a similar structure to the Human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. The human counterpart was soon identified and appropriately named HER2 (Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2).
The identification of HER2/neu revolutionized cancer therapy by introducing the concept of targeted treatments. HER2/neu status is now a routine part of breast and gastric tumor diagnosis, and targeted therapies have shown remarkable efficacy in improving outcomes for patients with HER2-positive cancers.
Remember, cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth, and HER2/neu promotes cell growth. So, an overexpression of HER2/neu causes cells to divide and proliferate abnormally, thereby increasing the risk of tumors and cancer development.
HER2/neu plays a crucial role in specifying treatment regimens for many cancer types. Oncologists use it not only as a predictive biomarker to guide therapy decisions but also as a prognostic factor to evaluate the likelihood of cancer recurrence and survival.
The presence of an elevated number of HER2/neu receptors in breast tissue is a common feature in aggressive forms of breast cancer. An estimated one in five breast cancer cases are HER2-positive, correlating with a higher grade and poorer prognosis.
If breast cancer is HER2-positive, targeted therapies such as trastuzumab (Herceptin) and pertuzumab (Perjeta) can be employed. These drugs bind to the HER2/neu protein, interrupting its growth signals and stopping cancer progression.
Aside from breast cancer, HER2/neu is also implicated in other malignancies including gastric, lung, and ovarian cancer. The role of HER2/neu in these cancers varies, but it generally correlates with a more aggressive disease and poorer prognosis.
Targeting HER2/neu in cancer treatment has shown promising results. The development of drugs that specifically target this protein is an active area of research, with promising developments like T-DM1 already in clinical use.
HER2/neu is an invaluable biomarker in cancer healthcare, from diagnosis to treatment guidance. Its overexpression can lead to aggressive cancers, but targeted therapies have been developed with promising results.
While we have made substantial strides in our understanding of HER2/neu and its role in cancer, research is ongoing to find new ways to target and exploit this protein for cancer treatments. Continued research in this direction promises new treatments and improved patient outcomes.
Being HER2/neu-positive means that your cancer cells overexpress the HER2/neu protein. This usually correlates with more aggressive forms of cancer, and therefore a poorer prognosis. However, there are now effective treatments available that specifically target HER2/neu-positive cancers.
HER2/neu status is determined using a range of laboratory tests that can identify the overexpression or amplification of the HER2/neu gene or protein in a tumor. These tests can include immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
For HER2/neu-positive cancers—most notably, breast and gastric—targeted treatments like trastuzumab (Herceptin), pertuzumab (Perjeta) and T-DM1 are currently available. Researchers are also continually developing new drugs to more effectively target HER2/neu.
Recent years have seen the introduction of HER2/neu targeted therapies and the development of new drugs that enhance the effectiveness of these treatments. Research into HER2/neu and its role in cancer biology continues to progress, promising even better therapies in the future.
Overexpression of HER2/neu is typically associated with an aggressive disease and a poor prognosis. However, treatments targeting HER2/neu have significantly improved the outlook for these patients. Thus, determining HER2/neu status is a critical aspect in defining the appropriate treatment approach and understanding the disease progression.
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