Try adjusting your type
14th October, 2009
European Survey on Standards of Care in paediatric oncology centres. J. R. Kowalczyk, M. Samardakiewicz, K. Pritchard-Jones, R. Ladenstein, S. Essiaf, E. Fitzgerald, G. Petrarulo, G. Vassal - EJC , Volume 61, pp 11-19
8th December, 2014
The purpose of this website is to provide good and clear information about the long-term effects of childhood cancer and to refer to the various late-effects outpatient clinics (LATER outpatient clinics) that exist in the Netherlands.
8th September, 2015
Cancer in young people is rare, but it is still a major health issue in Europe. Each year, more than 6,000 young people in Europe die of cancer. There are more than 300,000 European childhood cancer survivors (in 2020, they will be nearly half a million): two-thirds of them have some late side effects of treatment, that are severe and impact on the daily life of half of those affected.
BRCA1/BRCA2 are genes that produce proteins suppressing tumor growth. Mutations in these genes can lead to increased risk of certain cancers, primarily breast and ovarian in women. BRCA genetic testing helps identify these mutations, crucial for cancer prevention and treatment strategies.
Our genes play a crucial role in our health and well-being. They not only define our unique physical characteristics but are also responsible for managing the fundamental life processes within our bodies. One such crucial set of genes are the BRCA1 and BRCA2. Understanding these genetic markers and their mutations can provide invaluable insights into our individual health risks, specifically those related to cancer.
BRCA1 and BRCA2, short for Breast Cancer genes 1 and 2, are human genes that produce proteins responsible for repairing damaged DNA. They function as tumor suppressors, protecting our cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled manner.
Occasionally, changes or mutations occur in our genes that interfere with their normal function. Understanding these genetic mutations is key to predicting certain health risks, devising a personalized health strategy, and adopting preventive measures to improve outcomes.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are types of genes known as tumor suppressors. In normal cells, BRCA1 and BRCA2 help ensure the stability of the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and prevent uncontrolled cell growth. Mutation of these genes has been linked to the development of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
In normal cells, BRCA1 and BRCA2 help repair damaged DNA, playing a vital role in maintaining the genetic stability of cells. When either of these genes is mutated, or altered, the DNA damage repair may not work properly, leading to further genetic changes that can lead to cancer.
Gene mutations are changes that occur in our DNA sequence. While some mutations are harmless, others can cause errors in the coding, leading to the production of a faulty protein – resulting in diseases such as cancer.
Specific inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of female breast and ovarian cancers. These mutations may also increase the risk of several additional types of cancer, including pancreatic and prostate cancers.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The lifetime risk can be about five to twelve times the average risk for breast cancer and up to thirty times the average risk for ovarian cancer.
Although these mutations are best known for their link to breast and ovarian cancer, they have also been associated with several additional types of cancer such as high-grade prostate cancer in men and, pancreatic cancer.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations can be passed down to you from either parent. They are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning every child of a parent who carries the mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting it.
The inheritance of these mutations takes into account various factors, including medical history, especially the type and age of onset of cancer in the family, the presence of tumors in multiple generations, and ethnicity or geographic origin.
Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is crucial as it allows for a more precise cancer risk assessment and aids in making informed medical and lifestyle decisions to manage this risk.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing is usually offered to individuals who have a family history of breast and ovarian cancer and to people who are of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, as they have a 1 in 40 chance of carrying these gene mutations.
Benefits of genetic testing include the opportunity to make informed decisions about managing cancer risks, deciding on treatment options, and identifying other family members at risk. Conversely, risks include psychological stress, potential insurance or employment discrimination, and potential but uncertain benefits. Testing can also result in a sense of uncertainty, especially when test results are ambiguous or unclear.
Individuals who possess mutations in BRCA1/BRCA2 can manage their risk through enhanced screening, prophylactic (risk-reducing) surgery, chemoprevention, or a combination of these strategies.
A balanced lifestyle that involves a nutritious diet, physical activity, limited alcohol intake, and avoiding tobacco could help in maintaining general health and reducing the overall cancer risk.
Medical treatment options could range from more frequent screenings and checkups to preventive surgeries such as mastectomies or oophorectomies. In the event of a positive diagnosis, appropriate and timely therapeutic intervention can significantly improve the prognosis.
The understanding of BRCA1/BRCA2 and their mutations provide significant insights into individual cancer risks. These markers guide both genetic testing strategies and treatment procedures, further enabling personalized health strategies and interventions.
The knowledge of BRCA1/BRCA2 is empowering. It allows individuals to understand their genetic predisposition to cancer, helping them take control of their health through informed lifestyle modifications and medical decisions.
1. What does it mean if you have a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation?
Having a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation means you have a higher risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer over your lifetime. However, it doesn’t guarantee that you will develop these cancers.
2. How can I know whether I have a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation or not?
Genetic tests can help identify whether you have a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation. These tests should be considered if you have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer.
3. Do BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations automatically mean you will get cancer?
Not necessarily. While the mutations increase the risk of certain types of cancer, they do not guarantee that you will develop the disease. Other factors, such as your lifestyle choices and environmental influences, also play a role.
4. Are men affected by BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations?
Yes, men can carry BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. These mutations may increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, including breast cancer and prostate cancer.
5. What types of prevention measures can be taken if I carry a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation?
Prevention measures include regular screenings, lifestyle modifications such as maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise, and in some cases, preventive surgery.
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