Cancer Dictionary

DNA, short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is a vital molecule found in all living organisms. It contains the unique genetic code that determines the traits of a living being. Structured in a double helix shape, DNA contains pairs of nucleotides, which form genes, the basic units of heredity.

Debulking is a medical procedure used primarily in the treatment of cancer. It refers to the surgical removal of as much of the malignant tumor as possible, to lessen the bulk or reduce the total number of cancer cells. The goal is to increase the effectiveness of subsequent therapies (e.g., radiation, chemotherapy) or to alleviate symptoms.

"Hormone Receptor Status" refers to a clinical parameter determined in patients with certain types of cancers. It reveals whether the patient's cancer cells express specific proteins (hormone receptors) like estrogen and progesterone, signifying their dependency on these hormones for growth. This information influences the selection of optimal therapeutic strategies, informing decisions on hormone therapy use.

CA 19-9, or Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9, is a tumor marker primarily used to monitor treatment response and disease recurrence in pancreatic cancer patients. It can also be elevated in other gastrointestinal cancers and conditions such as cirrhosis and pancreatitis. It's not recommended for cancer screening in asymptomatic individuals due to non-specific findings.

Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer that predominantly affects the cartilage cells. The disease often manifests in the bones of the upper arms, legs, pelvis, or the spine. The condition typically progresses slowly and carries a higher risk factor for adults and older individuals. Treatment commonly includes surgery or radiation therapy.

A mammogram is a specialized medical imaging procedure used to screen and diagnose breast diseases, primarily cancer, in women. It involves taking X-ray pictures of the breast to detect early signs of cancer, often before physical symptoms develop. Mammograms are recommended annually for women of certain age groups or those with increased risk.

Tumor suppressor genes are a type of gene that makes a protein called a tumor suppressor protein, which helps regulate cell division. These genes primarily function to prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way, playing a vital role in preventing cancer. Mutations or abnormalities in these genes could lead to uncontrolled cell growth, leading to cancer.

Phlebotomy is a healthcare process that involves drawing blood from patients for various purposes such as medical testing, donations, or research. This procedure is typically performed by a phlebotomist, a specialized medical professional trained to collect blood samples correctly and safely.

A primary tumor is the original growth of cancer cells that initially forms in the body. It is typically the first indication or onset of cancer within a specific organ or tissue. The primary tumor can metastasize, spreading to different body parts, resulting in secondary tumors. Treatments often target the primary tumor first to stop further spread of cancer.

Adjuvant therapy is a treatment given in addition to the primary (main) treatment, commonly used in cancer care to kill hidden or potential cancer cells and reduce the risk of the cancer returning. It can include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or biological therapy.

A surgical oncologist is a specialist in the field of oncology, responsible for the surgical removal of tumors and cancerous tissues. They work as part of a multidisciplinary team, providing surgical interventions, performing biopsies, and contributing to treatment planning for cancer patients. Their expertise lies in cancer surgery and understanding tumor biology.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, primarily responsible for stimulating milk production after childbirth. Also, it plays a role in fertility by inhibiting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Elevated levels can cause reproductive problems in both men and women.

Bone metastasis refers to the condition wherein cancer cells from the primary site (like breast, lung, or prostate) spread to the bones. This is a common occurrence in advanced stages of cancer, causing pain, fractures and other complications. The occurrence of bone metastasis often indicates a poorer prognosis for cancer patients.

A lobectomy refers to a type of surgery where a lobe or a portion of an organ is removed. It is most commonly associated with the removal of a lobe of the lung due to conditions such as lung cancer, but it can also apply to other organs like the thyroid, liver, or brain. The procedure aims to treat disease and improve health.

Oncogenes are genes that can potentially cause cancer. When they are normal, they help to regulate cell growth and division. However, when they are altered or mutated, they can lead to abnormal cell growth and proliferation, eventually fostering the development of cancer.

Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure carried out to remove one or both testicles in males. This operation is typically utilized as a treatment method for testicular cancer or prostate cancer. The procedure can also be employed in cases of severe trauma to the testicles or as part of gender affirmation surgery.

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) refers to a type of early-stage breast cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of the breast milk duct, confined to the area where they started and haven't invaded surrounding tissues. Though non-invasive, it can progress to invasive cancer if untreated.